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Communication and the nervous system Internal communication: The nervous system is a rapid communication system. The main components are shown in the figure below. The central nervous system-Internal communication The central nervous system consists of The brain, situated inside the skull The spinal cord extends from the base of the skull to the lumbar region … Read more
The healing of skin wounds provides a classical example of the combination of regeneration and repair. Wound healing can be accomplished in one of the following two ways: (i) Healing by first intention (ii) Healing by second intention (i) Healing by first intention: One of the simplest examples of wound repair is the healing of … Read more
Injury to tissue may result in cell death and tissue destruction. Healing, on the other hand, is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and function. The process of healing involves two distinct processes: Regeneration: When healing takes place by the proliferation of parenchymal cells and usually results in complete … Read more
Acute Inflammation:The changes in acute inflammation can be conveniently described under the following two headings. I) Vascular Events a. Haemodynamic changes. b. Altered vascular permeability. II) Cellular Events a. Exudation of leukocytes. b. Phagocytosis. I) Vascular Events: Alteration in the microvasculature (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) is the earliest response to tissue injury. These alterations include … Read more
Inflammation is a vital homeostatic process that is triggered by cellular injury, regardless of how the harm occurs. Although cellular mediators generated during inflammation can trigger systemic reactions, inflammation is mostly a local phenomenon. The most severe kind of inflammatory reaction, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, can be fatal in severely ill patients. Sepsis is a … Read more
You need to know common important terms before buying viagra online like what is Erectile dysfunction (impotence), what is viagra, what its uses along where to buy good quality viagra tablets. What is Erectile dysfunction (ED)? Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition that can be a result of neurogenic hormonal or vascular disorders. Male sexual dysfunction … Read more
Introduction to Antigen-Presenting Molecules The immune system defends the host against microbial infections and mutant cells. In defense of the host, the immune system must differentiate between foreign proteins and “self-proteins.” Surface display proteins are used as markers of “self.” Early animal skin transplantation studies demonstrated that rejection or acceptance of grafts was dependent on … Read more
Antigen The antigen is a chemical that can activate lymphocytes, the body’s infection-fighting white blood cells, and stimulate an immunological response. Antigens are divided into two categories: foreign antigens (or heteroantigens) and autoantigens (or self-antigens). Antigens that come from outside the body are called foreign antigens. Types of antigens White Blood Cell Alloantigens White blood … Read more
Measurement of drug concentrations Because drug concentrations are an important element in determining individual or population pharmacokinetics, drug concentrations are measured in biological samples, such as milk, saliva, plasma, and urine. Sensitive, accurate, and precise analytical methods are available for the direct measurement of drugs in biologic matrices. Such measurements are generally validated so that … Read more
Introduction Innate Immunity: The body is protected from infection by anatomic and physiologic barriers in the skin and the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. If these barriers are breached an innate immune response is generated. In the response, phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, and serum enzymes are activated by molecules common to most bacteria. The innate … Read more