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Conditions for optical activity : The two aryl groups’ planes must not be plane. Bulky groups are positioned in the ortho locations to achieve it. (ii) In most cases, the enantiomers can be resolved. (iii) Ortho substituents increase the restricted rotation by their steric repulsion. (iv) Mono ortho-substituted biaryl compounds do not show atropisomerism at … Read more
Conformational isomerism: These are the isomers formed when single bonds in the molecule are rotated. Through additional rotation around single bonds, they might be quickly interconverted back to one another. One conformer must be transformed into another by overcoming a rotating energy barrier. Some important examples of conformational isomerism include:(i) Open chain alkane conformations: Staggered, … Read more
Geometrical isomerism: The molecular formulas of fumaric acid (m.p. 287 °C) and maleic acid (m.p. 130 °C) are identical, but the configuration of functional groups surrounding the double bond varies. They differ in terms of their physical and, to some degree, chemical characteristics. This type of isomerism is known as geometrical isomerism. The methods of … Read more
Geometrical isomerism: The molecular formulas of fumaric acid (m.p. 287 °C) and maleic acid (m.p. 130 °C) are identical, but the configuration of functional groups surrounding the double bond varies. They differ in terms of their physical and, to some degree, chemical characteristics. This type of isomerism is known as geometrical isomerism. Nomenclature of geometrical … Read more
Asymmetric synthesis (partial and absolute) Asymmetric synthesis: De novo conflation of a chiral substance from an achiral precursor similar that one enantiomer predominates over the other is called asymmetric conflation. For responses where motes formerly contain a chiral element and conflation introduces a new chiral element, conflation is appertained to as’ stereoselective or enantioselective’ conflation … Read more
Reactions of chiral molecules : Chiral molecules react with the reagents in a variety of ways, and accordingly, reactions are classified as follows: Reactions where bonds with the chiral center are not broken. Reactions leading to generation of chiral center. Reactions of chiral compounds with optically active reagents. Reactions where bonds with the chiral center … Read more
A racemic modification, also known as a racemate, is a mixture of (+) and (–) enantiomers in a 1:1 ratio. When equal amounts of enantiomers are combined together, the rotation induced by one isomer’s molecule is perfectly neutralized by an equal and opposite rotation caused by its enantiomer’s molecule. As a result, the racemate’s overall … Read more
The nomenclature of optical isomers: The d/l system was developed by Fischer and Rosanoff around 1900. Totally arbitrarily, (+) glyceraldehyde was defined as being D because the OH group attached to the C2 is on the right-hand side of the molecule. While (–) glyceraldehyde was defined as L because the OH group is on the … Read more
In all respects, a chiral object is not identical (i.e. non-superimposable). The mirror image of an achiral object is identical (and so superimposable). There is a “handedness” to chiral things. Chiral things come in pairs, like gloves or shoes, with a right and a left. Achiral objects, like a regular round ball, do not have … Read more
When multiple stereocenters present in a molecule create an internal plane of symmetry, it leads to meso compounds. Tartaric acid contains two asymmetric centers, which give rise to four configurations. But there are really only three stereoisomers of tartaric acid: a pair of chiral molecules (enantiomers of each other) and the achiral meso compound. In … Read more