Pharmaceutics

Filter aid Filter Aids are a group of inert materials that can be used in filtration pretreatment. Usually, the resistance to flow due to the filter medium itself is very low but will increase as a layer of solids builds up, blocking the pores of the medium and forming a solid cake. The filter aid … Read more

Theories of filteration Theory of filtration: Gas Filtration Theory, In Liquid Filtration Theory the Kozeny-Carman Equation, Poiseulle’s Law, and Darcy’s Equation. The flow of any liquid through any porous medium offers resistance to its flow. The rate of filtration in such cases is expressed as; The net driving force in filtration is the pressure above … Read more

The factors influencing filtration, or the most important factors on which filtration depends, are:(i) Proportion of solids in the slurry(ii) properties of the liquid, namely density, viscosity, corrosiveness, etc.(iii) properties of the solid, such as particle shape, size, size distribution, and compressibility.(iv) The properties of the filter medium, especially resistance, and the initial layers of … Read more

Applications and objectives of filtration What is filtration (i) Water Purification: Purification of water for pharmaceutical use is the most important application of filtration. Water used in pharmaceutical industries for various applications has to comply with different standards specified in official pharmacopeias. These standards are namely; purified water, Water For Injection, and Sterile Water For … Read more

A filtration is a unique unit mechanical or physical process of separating suspended and colloidal particles from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass. It is a process that removes particles from suspension in water. Removal takes place by a number of mechanisms that include straining, flocculation, … Read more

The Silverson Emulsifier mixer has been the leader in high shear mixing for over 60 years. The Silverson high-speed shear mixer is used for mixing liquid/liquid or liquid/solid mixtures at speeds up to 8000 r.p.m. The mixer body is raised or lowered electrically. It stops automatically at the higher and lower limits of movement. It … Read more

Paddles are used as impellers in mixing liquids. It consists of flat blades attached to a vertical shaft and rotates at a speed slower than 100 r.p.m. A variety of paddle mixers having different shapes and sizes, depending on the nature and viscosity of the product, are available for use in industries. A paddle is … Read more

A turbine mixer is another type of process agitator. They are used as an alternative to propellers for mixing low viscosity liquids and typically for the effective mixing of medium viscosity liquids. The velocity of mixing using turbine systems is low compared to propellers. Principle of turbine mixer Turbine mixer agitators can create a turbulent … Read more

A propeller is a device consisting of a rotating shaft with propeller blades attached to it and used for mixing relatively low viscosity dispersions, liquids (low viscosity) and maintaining contents in suspension. It rotates at a very high speed (up to 8000 r.p.m.) and thus mixing operation is rapid. They are much smaller in diameter … Read more

The planetary mixer is a high-shear mixer and is available with a variable speed drive. It is suitable for mixing ointments, inks, sauces, pastes, and foam used in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and allied industries. Principle of Planetary Mixer The principle of planetary mixer is based on the rotation of planetary blades on their own … Read more