Pharmaceutics

A climbing film vertical long tube evaporator is a type of evaporator that is essentially a shell and tube heat exchanger. Thus, it is also known as a rising film evaporator. This evaporator is superior to the falling film evaporator as the upstream film movement causes some particles to remain in the feed stream. The … Read more

A horizontal tube evaporator is frequently found to be the most adaptable choice for simple evaporation wherein liquids are not viscous and do not deposit scale or salt on the surface. Principle of Horizontal Tube Evaporator The principle mechanism involved in this type of evaporator is that steam is passed through tubes arranged horizontally. Heating … Read more

The evaporating pan is also called a steam jacketed kettle. In this type of evaporator, the movement of the liquid to be evaporated is due to the convection currents set-up by the heating process. It is a type of natural circulation evaporator. It consists of a hemispherical pan surrounded by a steam jacket. The hemispherical … Read more

The Difference Between evaporation and other heat processes like Vaporization, Distillation, Drying, and Sublimation… Difference between Vaporization and Evaporation Vaporization (Boiling) Evaporation (i) It is a process in which a substancechanges its state from the liquid stateto the gaseous state with boiling. (i) It is a process in which a substancechanges its state from the … Read more

The main factors that have an effect on evaporation are as follows: Surface area: If the surface area of evaporating solution is increased, then the amount of liquid that is exposed to air is larger. More molecules can escape with a wider surface area. For example, if we spread out clothes to dry it speeds … Read more

Definition: Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, wherein mass transfer takes place from the surface. It is the process of vaporization of a liquid. In this process, the liquid state of a substance is changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure. It is a fundamental part of the water cycle … Read more

The plate type exchangers have a specialized design well suited for transferring heat between medium- and low-pressure fluids. Welded, semi-welded, and brazed heat exchangers are used for heat exchange between high-pressure fluids or where a more compact product is required. In these exchangers, the media can be heated, cooled or condensed, in a closed space. … Read more

Finned Tube Exchanger: In a heat exchanger, while heating the air outside the tubes with steam inside the tubes, the steam side coefficient will be very high and the airside coefficient will be extremely low. While heat transfer, as the overall coefficient approximates that of the lower side (the airside coefficient), the only remedy to … Read more

Scraped Surface Exchangers: In some of the heat interchangers the drag forces due to the flow of viscous liquid, a quite thick viscous sub-layer or due to turbulent conditions in the core, liquid exhibits no pressure loss with excessive pumping costs. This problem is solved by physically removing the layers of fluid at the heat … Read more