All you need is right here
rajibray What is Clinical Pharmacokinetics? During the drug development process, large numbers of patients are enrolled in clinical trials to determine efficacy and optimum dosing regimens. Along with safety and efficacy data and other patient information, the FDA approves a label that becomes the package insert discussed in more detail later in this chapter. The approved … Read more
Drug product performance Drugs are compounds that are meant to be used in the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of disease. For systemic or local therapeutic activity, drugs are delivered in a range of dosage forms or drug products, such as solids (tablets, capsules), semisolids (ointments, creams), liquids, suspensions, emulsions, and so on. Drug products … Read more
pH is the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration The term pH was introduced in 1909 by Sörensen, who defined it as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration: pH= -log[H+] This definition, while not rigorous, suffices for many biochemicalpurposes. To calculate the pH of a solution: Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] … Read more
Water Is an Nucleophile Lone pairs of electrons from electron-rich compounds called nucleophiles attack electron-poor atoms called electrophiles frequently in metabolic reactions. Electrophiles and nucleophiles don’t always have a formal negative or positive charge. Water is an efficient nucleophile because its two lone pairs of sp3 electrons have a partial negative charge. The oxygen atoms … Read more
Biomedical importance Water is the predominant chemical component of living organisms. Its unique physical properties, which include the ability to solvate a wide range of organic and inorganic molecules, derive from water’s dipolar structure and exceptional capacity for forming hydrogen bonds. How water interacts with solvated biomolecules influences the structure both of the biomolecule and … Read more
Biomedical importance Biochemistry and medicine enjoy a mutually cooperative relationship. Biochemical studies have illuminated many aspects of health and disease, and the study of various aspects of health and disease has opened up new areas of biochemistry. The medical relevance of biochemistry both in normal and abnormal situations is emphasized throughout this book. Biochemistry makes … Read more
Introduction Innate Immunity: The body is protected from infection by anatomic and physiologic barriers in the skin and the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. If these barriers are breached an innate immune response is generated. In the response, phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, and serum enzymes are activated by molecules common to most bacteria. The innate … Read more
DiGeorge Syndrome DiGeorge syndrome is caused by the abnormal migration of cellsto select tissues during development. The major defect is a30-gene deletion on chromosome 22 at position 22q11.2. Thisdeletion prevents the development of the third and fourth pharyngealpouches during the twelfth week of gestation. Majororgans affected by the defect are the thymus, the parathyroid,and the … Read more
Tissue damage, infection, or inflammation cause the migrationof white blood cells from the blood vessel to tissue through aprocess called diapedesis or lymphocyte diapedesis. Within 2 hours of the initiation ofan inflammatory response, small-molecular-weight proteins,called cytokines, are released by monocytes. Cytokines upregulateadhesion molecules, called E-selectin and P-selectin, on vessel walls. Other molecules, called chemokines, also … Read more
Lymph Node The lymph node is a part of lymphoid organs and the body’s immune system is a complex, kidney-shaped structure usuallylocated at the junction of several lymph vessels. From an anatomicperspective, nodes consist of a cortex (outer portion),a paracortex, and a medulla (inner portion). The cortex is densely packed with lymphocytes andmacrophages.Primary follicles of … Read more