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Introduction of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal condition in ambulatory settings. In the USA, GERD remains the commonest cause of outpatient hospital visits and economic burden costs around $15-20 billion per year. Studies from the Asian subcontinent have also reported significant absenteeism, loss of work productivity, and weekly … Read more
Gastroesophageal reflux disease As per the Montreal definition, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as a condition that develops when gastric contents reflux into the esophagus, and cause bothersome symptoms and/or complications. Physiologically, occasional reflux is common, it is considered a disease if it causes symptoms and complications. Symptoms of GERD are classified as esophageal … Read more
Emulsifying agents: An emulsion is a biphasic liquid dosage form in which one of the liquids is broken down into minute globules each surrounded by thin layers of emulgent. The liquid broken down is called the dispersed phase and the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is called the continuous phase. They are two … Read more
What is Emulsion? The emulsion is a biphasic liquid preparation containing two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed as minute globules into the other. The liquid which is converted into minute globules is called the ‘dispersed phase’ and the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is called the ‘continuous phase’. Preparation of Emulsions … Read more
Elixir are liquid oral dosage forms. These are lear sweetened, aromatic, hydro-alcoholic liquids intended for oral use. Elixirs contain, ethyl alcohol, water, glycerin, or propylene glycol, a flavoring agent, and preservative. Types of elixir Method of preparation of an elixirs Elixirs are prepared by dissolving the ingredients in a suitable vehicle with continuous stirring. Adjust … Read more
The solution is a liquid oral dosage form, administrated through the oral route. It is a homogenous, clear liquid. One (or) more ingredients are dissolved in a suitable solvent to make a dosage form. The solution is a combination of solute and solvent. Solute: Which is dissolved in the medium present “small quantity”. Solvent: This … Read more
Preparation of soft gelatin capsule by rotary die process Soft Gelatin Capsule: These are used for the administration of liquid medicaments. Soft gelatin capsules are available in round, oval, and tube-like shapes. They are made from gelatin. The gelatin is plasticized by the addition of glycerin and sorbitol etc. The soft gelatin shell may contain … Read more
Hand operated Capsule filling machine Consists of: The empty capsules are filled in the loading tray and it is placed over the bed. The cam handle is operated to separate the capsule caps from their bodies. The powder tray is placed in a proper position and filled with an accurate quantity of powder with the … Read more
Capsule is defined as the solid dosage form, in which the drug substance is enclosed in a water soluble shell. This shell is made from gelatin. Types of capsules: Hard Gelatin Capsules: These are used for administration of solid medicaments. The capsule shell is prepared from gelatin, colour and titanium dioxide to make it opaque. … Read more
Uncoated tablets: A single layer (or) more than one layer of formulation that consists of active ingredients and recipients compressed together without any additional coat. Also, no other treatment is given to such tablets after compression. Types of uncoated tablets Modified tablets These tablets deliver a drug with a delay after its administration. These are … Read more