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Freeze drying is a process of water vapours from a frozen silution by sublimation Processing of freeze drying (i) Pre-treatment: This step is done to reduce the volume of the solution to be introduced into the container. The solution is pre-concentrated under normal vacuum tray drying. Sometimes solid or liquid desiccants are also used for … Read more
Theory Fluid bed dryer Fluid bed dryer: If gas is allowed to flow upward through a bed of solid particles at a velocity greater than the setting velocity of the particles, the particles are partially suspended in the gas stream. The resultant mixture of solids and gas behaves like a liquid and the solids are … Read more
Construction of Sintered glass filter The sintered glass filter is made of borosilicate glass finely powdered, sieved, and particles of the designed size are separated. It is then packed into a disc mould and heated to a temperature at which adhesion takes place between the particles. The disc is then fused to a tunnel of … Read more
Principle of Membrane filter: Membrane filter: (Microfiltration) Fitter the material that can retain large solid particles and other particles liquid passes through a microporous membrane material to separate specific substances under the action of static pressure difference. Construction Membrane filter: Membrane filters are made of thin and flat membranes of cellulose derivates, (eg: cellulose acetate, … Read more
Construction of triple roller mill The triple roller mill consists of three rollers which are made of hard abrasion-resistant material. These rollers are arranged in such a way that they come very close to each other. These rollers are rotated at different rates of speed. The material coming between the rollers is crushed depending on … Read more
Standards for Sieves 1. Number of Sieves: It indicates the number of meshes in a length of 2.54cm in each transverse direction parallel to wires. 2. Nominal size of aperture: The nominal size of aperture indicates the distance between the wires. It represents the length of the side of the square aperture. The I.P has … Read more
Principle of cyclone separator In a cyclone separator, the centrifugal force is used to separate solids from fluids. The separation depends not only on the particle size but also on the density of particles. Hence depending on the fluid velocity, the cyclone separator can be used to separate all types of particles or to remove … Read more
Classification of powders according to I.P 1) Course powder: Powders of which all particles pass through a sieve with a nominal mesh aperture of 1.70 mm (No. 10 sieve) and not more than 40.0 percent through a sieve with a nominal mesh aperture of 355 μm (No. 44 sieve) is called coarse powder. 2) Moderately … Read more
Principle of ball mill Ball mill: It works on the principle of impact and attrition. Construction of ball mill It consists of a hollow cylinder that is mounted on a metallic frame in such a way, that it can be rotated on its longitudinal axis. The cylinder contains balls that occupy 30-50% of the mill … Read more
Principle of Hammer mill Hammer mill: It works on the principle of impact, i.e. material is more or less stationary and hit by an object moving at high speed. Construction of Hammer mill It consists of a stout metal casing, enclosing a central shaft, to which four or more swinging hammers are attached. The lower … Read more