All you need is right here
Introduction Innate Immunity: The body is protected from infection by anatomic and physiologic barriers in the skin and the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. If these barriers are breached an innate immune response is generated. In the response, phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, and serum enzymes are activated by molecules common to most bacteria. The innate … Read more
DiGeorge Syndrome DiGeorge syndrome is caused by the abnormal migration of cellsto select tissues during development. The major defect is a30-gene deletion on chromosome 22 at position 22q11.2. Thisdeletion prevents the development of the third and fourth pharyngealpouches during the twelfth week of gestation. Majororgans affected by the defect are the thymus, the parathyroid,and the … Read more
Tissue damage, infection, or inflammation cause the migrationof white blood cells from the blood vessel to tissue through aprocess called diapedesis or lymphocyte diapedesis. Within 2 hours of the initiation ofan inflammatory response, small-molecular-weight proteins,called cytokines, are released by monocytes. Cytokines upregulateadhesion molecules, called E-selectin and P-selectin, on vessel walls. Other molecules, called chemokines, also … Read more
Lymph Node The lymph node is a part of lymphoid organs and the body’s immune system is a complex, kidney-shaped structure usuallylocated at the junction of several lymph vessels. From an anatomicperspective, nodes consist of a cortex (outer portion),a paracortex, and a medulla (inner portion). The cortex is densely packed with lymphocytes andmacrophages.Primary follicles of … Read more
Lymph System The lymph system is a special anatomic characteristic that allows the immune system to keep track of infections and mutant cells in the body. Lymphocytes and monocytes exit capillaries, migrate through the tissue layer and congregate in small lymph channels via hydrostatic pressure and diapedesis. Antigen activates immunocompetent macrophages, which digest the antigen … Read more
Primary Lymphoid Organs Lymphocytes must undergo a maturation-and-differentiationprocess before they become fully immunocompetent. The maturationof T and B cells takes place in different anatomic sites.B cells undergo maturation in bone marrow or intestinal lymphoidtissue. The thymus is responsible for T cell maturation. Thymus The thymus gland is found directly behind the sternum in the chest … Read more
Introduction of immune system The immune system is made up of a network of blood vessels that circulate throughout the body.cells, lymphoid tissues, and organs that react to exogenous substances soluble antibodies as a source of the material (humoral response) or lymphocytes and macrophages that have been stimulated (cellular response). Primary and secondary lymphoid tissue … Read more
physiology of respiration is divide into two phases. External respiration: The exchange of gases(CO2 & O2) between the alveoli of the lungs and blood in pulmonary is referred to external respiration. The deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, which circulated the deoxygenated blood in to the capillaries surrounding the … Read more
Nose and nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Two bronchi ( one bronchus to eachLungs) Two lungs Muscles pf breathing- intercostal muscles and diaphragm. Nose and nasal cavity; The noses is the external portion of the respiratory system and opens through the external nares or the nostrils. The nasal cavity is divided by a septum into … Read more
