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An automated version of mortar and pestle size reduction equipment, the end-runner mill is comparable to the edge runner mill. The friction of material between the mortar and the pestle causes a heavy-weight pestle to revolve when the mortar is rotated by a motor at the base. Principle of end runner mill The principle of … Read more

The edge runner mill is also called a roller stone mill and is a mechanized form of mortar and pestle-type compression comminution. It crushes the materials into fine powders by rotating stones. The mill consists of two large rotating grinding wheels or stones turning slowly in a large bowl. In this mill, the material can … Read more

A pulverizer, micronizer, and jet mill is also known as a fluid energy mill. It’s utilized for fine grinding and controlling particle size. The particles are reduced using an attrition and impact mechanism involving air or inert gas injected through the nozzles in the chamber. This mill is primarily used to finely grind heat-sensitive materials. … Read more

The ball mill’s basic concept dates back to prehistoric times when it was used to grind flint for pottery. A pharmaceutical ball mill is a type of grinder that is used to grind and combine materials in the production of different dosage forms. Impact reduces the size of the balls as they fall from near … Read more

In the pharmaceutical and food processing industries, a hammer mill is a necessary machine. It can crush, pulverise, shred, grind, and reduce material to appropriate sizes. Swinging hammer heads are coupled to a rotor that revolves at a high speed inside a rigid casing in a hammer mill. Principle of hammer mill The hammer mill’s … Read more

Factors affecting size-reduction: lots of factors are affecting size reduction Hardness, Toughness, Abrasiveness, Stickiness, Slipperiness, Softening Temperature, Material Structure, Moisture Content, Physiological Effect, Purity Required, Ratio of Feed Size to Product Ratio, and Bulk Density Factors affecting size-reduction Hardness Hardness is a face property of the material and is constantly confused with strength. It’s possible … Read more

The mechanism of size reduction depends upon the nature of the material, and each material requires different treatment. Fracture generally occurs along the lines of weakness. During size reduction, fresh surfaces are created or existing cracks and fissures are opened up, wherein the former requires more energy. There may be a tendency that after processing, … Read more

Rota Meter: A rotameter is a device that measures the volumetric flow rate of fluid in a closed tube. These are the most widely used types of variable-area flow meters. It measures flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels through to vary, causing a measurable effect. Construction of Rota Meter A rotameter … Read more

The pitot tube is a fluid flow measurement instrument designed by Henri Pitot, a French engineer in the 18th century. The Pitot tube principle of flow measurement was initially used to measure the velocity of water in a river. For this, a right-angled big glass tube was employed. The tube has one end that confronts … Read more